Energy Performance Certificate: What Do They Check?

Energy efficiency has become a critical focus in today’s world, where sustainability and reducing carbon footprints are essential. One tool that has gained significant attention in this regard is the Energy Performance Certificate (EPC). Whether you're buying or renting a property, understanding what an EPC is, and more importantly, what it checks, can help you make more informed decisions. In this blog, we'll delve deep into what an Energy Performance Certificate is, why it matters, and the key factors it assesses.

What Is an Energy Performance Certificate?

An Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) is a document that provides an energy efficiency rating for a building. This rating helps you understand how energy-efficient a property is and provides recommendations on how to improve it. The rating is presented on a scale from A to G, with A being the most efficient and G the least.

In the UK, EPCs are a legal requirement for all properties being built, sold, or rented. They were introduced in 2007 as part of a wider initiative to improve energy efficiency in buildings and reduce carbon emissions. Other countries in the European Union and beyond have similar systems in place.

Why Are Energy Performance Certificates Important?

Energy Performance Certificates are crucial for several reasons:

1. Energy Efficiency Awareness: An EPC allows homeowners, tenants, and potential buyers to understand the energy efficiency of a property. It highlights areas where energy is being wasted and provides suggestions on how to make improvements.

2. Cost Savings: A more energy-efficient home usually translates to lower energy bills. By following the recommendations in an EPC, homeowners can reduce their energy consumption, which can lead to significant savings over time.

3. Environmental Impact: Buildings are responsible for a large portion of global carbon emissions. By improving the energy efficiency of properties, we can reduce the environmental impact and contribute to the fight against climate change.

4. Legal Requirement: In many countries, including the UK, it is illegal to sell or rent out a property without a valid EPC. Non-compliance can result in hefty fines.

5. Property Value: A higher energy efficiency rating can make a property more attractive to buyers and tenants, potentially increasing its market value.

What Does an Energy Performance Certificate Check?

Now that we understand what an EPC is and why it’s important, let’s explore the specific aspects of a property that an EPC assesses.

1. Building Fabric

The building fabric refers to the materials and structure that make up the property, including walls, roofs, floors, windows, and doors. The EPC assessment will check the following aspects of the building fabric:

• Wall Insulation: The type and thickness of the wall insulation are assessed. Cavity walls with proper insulation will generally score higher than solid walls without insulation.

• Roof Insulation: Roofs are a major source of heat loss in homes. The EPC will check if there is adequate insulation in the loft or roof space.

• Floor Insulation: Ground floors, especially those that are in direct contact with the ground, can lose a significant amount of heat. The EPC checks whether floor insulation is in place.

• Windows and Doors: Double or triple-glazed windows and well-insulated doors can significantly reduce heat loss. The EPC will assess the type and condition of windows and doors in the property.

2. Heating System

Heating systems are a major factor in determining a property’s energy efficiency. The EPC assessment covers:

• Boiler Efficiency: The efficiency of the boiler or central heating system is crucial. Modern condensing boilers with a high-efficiency rating will score better than older, less efficient models.

• Radiators and Heating Controls: The presence of thermostatic radiator valves, programmable timers, and room thermostats will positively impact the EPC rating. These controls help regulate the heating system more efficiently.

• Heating Fuel: The type of fuel used for heating (e.g., gas, electricity, oil) also plays a role in the EPC assessment. Generally, properties using renewable energy sources or more efficient fuels will receive a better rating.

3. Hot Water System

The hot water system is another important aspect of the EPC. The assessment will consider:

• Water Heating System: The type and efficiency of the water heating system, such as a combination boiler or a separate water heater, are evaluated.

• Hot Water Cylinder Insulation: If the property has a hot water cylinder, the EPC will check the level of insulation. Properly insulated cylinders reduce heat loss and improve energy efficiency.

4. Lighting

Lighting is a smaller but still significant part of the EPC assessment. The following aspects are considered:

• Energy-Efficient Bulbs: The type of light bulbs used in the property is assessed. LED bulbs and compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) are more energy-efficient than traditional incandescent bulbs.

• Lighting Controls: The presence of lighting controls, such as dimmer switches, motion sensors, or daylight sensors, can also contribute to a better EPC rating.

5. Renewable Energy Sources

The use of renewable energy sources can significantly enhance a property’s EPC rating. The assessment considers:

• Solar Panels: The presence and efficiency of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels for generating electricity or solar thermal panels for heating water are evaluated.

• Wind Turbines: If the property has its own wind turbine, this will positively impact the EPC rating.

• Heat Pumps: Ground source or air source heat pumps are considered more energy-efficient than traditional heating systems, and their presence will improve the EPC rating.

• Biomass Boilers: Biomass boilers, which burn organic materials like wood pellets, are considered a renewable energy source and will positively impact the EPC rating.

6. Ventilation and Draught Proofing

Proper ventilation and draught-proofing are crucial for maintaining a comfortable indoor environment and reducing energy waste. The EPC will assess:

• Ventilation Systems: The type and efficiency of ventilation systems, including mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR) systems, are evaluated.

• Draught Proofing: The presence of draught-proofing measures, such as sealing around windows and doors, will positively impact the EPC rating. Proper draught-proofing reduces heat loss and improves energy efficiency.

7. Thermal Bridging

Thermal bridging occurs when there are gaps in the insulation, allowing heat to escape. The EPC assessment will check for:

• Cold Spots: The presence of cold spots or areas where heat loss is more pronounced, often due to poor construction or insulation practices.

• Thermal Bridging Solutions: The EPC will consider whether measures have been taken to address thermal bridging, such as adding insulation to problem areas.

8. Appliances

While the EPC primarily focuses on the building’s structure and systems, the energy efficiency of appliances in the property can also be considered:

• Energy-Efficient Appliances: The presence of energy-efficient appliances, such as refrigerators, washing machines, and dishwashers with high energy ratings, can positively impact the EPC rating.

• Appliance Usage: How often and in what manner appliances are used can affect the overall energy consumption of the property.

How Is an EPC Rating Calculated?

The EPC rating is calculated using a software program that considers all the factors mentioned above. The property is given a score based on its energy efficiency, and this score is then translated into an EPC rating on a scale from A to G:

• A (92-100): Very energy efficient – lower running costs.

• B (81-91): Above average – lower running costs.

• C (69-80): Average – moderate running costs.

• D (55-68): Below average – higher running costs.

• E (39-54): Poor energy efficiency – high running costs.

• F (21-38): Very poor energy efficiency – very high running costs.

• G (1-20): Extremely poor energy efficiency – extremely high running costs.

The rating is presented in a similar format to the labels seen on new appliances, making it easy to understand at a glance.

How Can You Improve Your EPC Rating?

Improving your EPC rating can lead to lower energy bills, increased property value, and a reduced environmental impact. Here are some steps you can take to improve your property’s energy efficiency:

1. Insulate Your Home

Insulating your home’s walls, roof, and floors is one of the most effective ways to enhance your Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) rating. Proper insulation acts as a barrier to heat loss, ensuring that your home stays warmer in winter and cooler in summer. This not only improves comfort but also reduces the energy needed for heating and cooling, leading to lower utility bills. Effective insulation is a long-term investment that enhances energy efficiency, making your property more attractive to buyers or tenants while contributing to a more sustainable environment.

2. Upgrade Your Heating System

Upgrading your heating system is a powerful way to boost your Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) rating. Replacing an outdated boiler with a modern condensing boiler or switching to renewable energy heating systems, like heat pumps, can drastically improve energy efficiency. These systems use less fuel and produce more heat, reducing energy consumption and lowering your utility bills. Not only does an efficient heating system enhance comfort by providing consistent warmth, but it also makes your property more appealing to potential buyers or renters, all while contributing to a greener, more sustainable environment.

3. Install Energy-Efficient Windows and Doors

Installing energy-efficient windows and doors is a smart investment that can significantly enhance your home's energy performance and curb your energy bills. By replacing outdated windows and doors with modern double or triple-glazed options, you reduce heat loss and prevent drafts, ensuring your home stays warmer in winter and cooler in summer. These energy-efficient upgrades not only improve your home's comfort but also boost your Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) rating, which can increase the property's value. Additionally, these windows and doors often come with improved security features, adding an extra layer of protection to your home.

4. Use Renewable Energy Sources

Utilizing renewable energy sources like solar panels, wind turbines, or a biomass boiler can greatly enhance your home's energy efficiency and positively impact your Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) rating. By integrating these technologies, you reduce your reliance on fossil fuels, which not only lowers your carbon footprint but also cuts down on energy costs in the long run. Solar panels harness the sun's energy, wind turbines capture wind power, and biomass boilers use organic materials for heating, all contributing to a more sustainable energy system. These renewable options offer a future-proof solution, aligning with global efforts toward environmental sustainability.

5. Improve Ventilation and Draught Proofing

Improving ventilation and draught-proofing is essential for maintaining a comfortable and energy-efficient home. Ensuring your home is well-ventilated without allowing draughts helps to regulate indoor air quality while minimizing heat loss. Installing a Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery (MVHR) system is an effective way to achieve this balance. MVHR systems extract stale air from your home, recover the heat from it, and then use that heat to warm the incoming fresh air, reducing the need for additional heating. Combined with proper draught-proofing, these measures can significantly improve your home's energy efficiency, lower your energy bills, and contribute to a higher Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) rating.

6. Upgrade Lighting and Appliances

Upgrading your lighting and appliances to energy-efficient models is a straightforward yet impactful way to reduce energy consumption and improve your home's Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) rating. Switching to LED or CFL bulbs, which use significantly less electricity than traditional incandescent bulbs, can lower your lighting energy costs. Similarly, opting for appliances with high energy ratings ensures they operate more efficiently, consuming less power while providing the same level of performance. These upgrades not only decrease your household's energy use and carbon footprint but also contribute to long-term savings on utility bills and make your home more attractive to potential buyers.

7. Address Thermal Bridging

Addressing thermal bridging is crucial for maintaining a well-insulated and energy-efficient home. Thermal bridging occurs when heat escapes through certain areas of your home's structure, such as gaps around windows, doors, or poorly insulated walls. These weak spots in the insulation can significantly reduce your home's overall energy efficiency, leading to higher energy bills and a lower Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) rating. By identifying and adding insulation to these problem areas, you can effectively prevent heat loss and enhance your home's thermal performance. Properly addressing thermal bridging not only improves comfort but also contributes to a more sustainable and cost-effective living environment.

Conclusion

In conclusion, an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) serves as a vital tool for evaluating and enhancing a property's energy efficiency. It provides a clear overview of how energy is used within the building, assessing factors such as insulation, heating systems, windows, and appliances. By understanding the EPC rating, homeowners can identify areas for improvement, make informed decisions about energy upgrades, and ultimately reduce energy consumption. Implementing the recommended changes not only lowers energy bills but also increases the property's value and contributes to environmental sustainability. An EPC is not just a regulatory requirement; it's a roadmap to a greener, more efficient home.